>O2 MONITOR >> Are we the Center Of The Universe?

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We Are The Center Of The Universe

Roll Over Copernicus! It Turns Out We Are The Center Of The Universe

Astronomers observing the center of the Milky Way from the European Southern Observatory in Chile fire a laser into the heavens. The Laser Guide Star (LGS) is used as a reference to correct the blurring effect of the atmosphere on images.

Yuri Beletsky/ESO
Astronomers observing the center of the Milky Way from the European Southern Observatory in Chile fire a laser into the heavens. The Laser Guide Star (LGS) is used as a reference to correct the blurring effect of the atmosphere on images.

For the last 500 years humanity has suffered one humiliation after another at the hands of the cosmos.
First Copernicus showed us that the Earth was not the center of the solar system. Then we found out that the sun was not in a special position within the galaxy. The galaxy, we then discovered, was not special either, but one of an uncountable number in an infinite universe. Now some physicists tell us that the universe may not be unique but may exist as part of a vast, infinite multiverse. All this Copernican overturning is enough to give a species a severe set of self-esteem issues.
Worse, it’s enough to make us wonder what place and what meaning in the cosmos we are meant to inhabit.
Well today, my friends, I am here to tell you that Copernicus, or at least a reflexive Copernicanism, is wrong.


  I am just about to press SEND on the final version of my new book, called The End of the Beginning: Cosmology Culture and Time at the Twilight of the Big Bang. It’s a cultural history of cosmic time and a cosmic history of cultural time. I’ve spent the last two years tracing the path of humanity’s cosmological imagination and, after giving the issue A LOT of cogitation, I think we’re ready to ready roll Copernicus over and tell the cosmos the news.
We are, it turns out, the center of the universe and it’s anything but meaningless.
For this claim to be true there is no need to insert your favorite, or most hated, religion. There is no need to demand a deity exist or posit that it fine-tuned the cosmos to give us a warm, safe, cozy home. To see our vital, central role in the cosmos you need only look out from your own perspective and understand that is all you, or anyone else, will ever get.
Because it’s all about perspective.
We like to believe we can study the Universe (with a capital ‘U’) as a thing in itself. But in truth what we actually get are universes (with a lower case ‘u’). We only ever get glorious but partial views of the ever-greater “whole.” Science, in this perspective, is not a means to a “final theory” but is, instead, our most extraordinary means of continuing a never-ending dialogue with the world. That dialogue, formed through science and art and all forms of culture make us co-creators of the universes we inhabit and they are always suffused with meaning
There is the old story of a group of blind philosophers studying an elephant. One feels the tail and declares an elephant is like a snake. Another feels the ear and declares the elephant is like a palm frond. A third feels the foot and declares the elephant is like a tree. The relationship between the universe in-and-of-itself and the universe each culture, each instantiation of science, invents for itself is much like that between the philosophers and their elephant.
Perhaps it is time to see the universe as an infinite elephant or, better yet, as a diamond with infinite facets. Different facets come into view as culture and science change. We gain a deeper understanding even as the universe in-and-of-itself remains ultimately larger than all our accounts.
In the end, it is our dialogue with the universe that matters most. Acknowledging the intertwined evolution of culture and cosmic vision does not diminish the power of science; it allows us to see more clearly our role as participants in the universe.
To put it bluntly, we can never be taken out of the narrative of creation. We are always, in some partial but essential way, its co-creators. In taking this perspective we make the most radical step of all. We begin to move away from a reflexive Copernicanism that made human being irrelevant in the cosmos and recognize that there is vital place for us. It’s a life at the center of the universes we manifest through the creative act of being human, creating culture and practicing science.

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>O2 VISIONS > What Will the Universe Look Like in One Trillion Years? (video)

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Analysis by Ray Villard
Old universe
A trillion years from now the universe will be a much simpler place for far-future astronomers to ponder.
One trillion years? Yes, when the universe is 100 times its presents age the only stars left will be the ones that are the longest burning: red dwarfs.
ANALYSIS: Red Dwarfs May Be Safe Havens For Life
New star formation will have died out eons earlier, so there will be no iridescent nebulae, supernova blasts, or blue giant stars like Rigel in the constellation Orion.
Our Milky Way will have lost its identity long ago through merging with the Andromeda galaxy, M31. The resulting giant elliptical galaxy will be devoid of dust and gas.

The night sky will be a largely homogeneous sprinkling of stars. Stellar density will concentrate toward the galactic core. There will be no bright arch of the Milky Way to obscure the view all the way into the core.
But as long as there are stars, there will be planets, and the possibility of intelligent life to gaze curiously upon the sky.

Trillion giant

No Clues to Our Cosmic Roots
Ironically, astronomers living in that far future will have a cosmic view as simplistic as it was before giant telescopes discovered external galaxies, which in turn revealed the expansion of space. All far-future astronomy will be exclusively about characterizing stars, as it was in the 1800s.
A distant scientific civilization will have no clues about the birth and evolution of the universe. That is unless some grand “galactic archive” was set up to store information for far future generations. It would be the mother of all time capsules. Imagine very distant descendants trying to interpret the Hubble Ultra Deep Field — a snapshot of the universe in its heyday just a few billion years after creation.
By the year 1 trillion, the accelerating universe will have infinitely stretched the light from all external galaxies — assuming dark energy truly is Einstein’s cosmological constant and not an unstable field that winds up destroying the universe. 100 billion galaxies will have winked out of sight long ago due to the ballooning of spacetime.
The plethora of white dwarfs, black holes, and neutron stars will be evidence that stellar evolution is a one-way street. Their existence will show that the universe cannot be eternal. This idea was embodied in the steady state theory that competed with alternative the big bang theory, until the cosmic microwave background was discovered in the 1960s.
BIG PIC: Planck Captures Microwave Sky
However, the glow of the cosmic background from the Big Bang will be so weak as to be undetectable. There will be little evidence a Big Bang ever happened. However a far-future Einstein may hypothesize such an event based on the nucleosynthesis of elements in red dwarf stars.
The density of matter in space will be very dilute due to the dominance of dark energy, and difficult to measurable. Future astronomers will conclude that matter must have been more tightly packed a very long ago for stars to form through gravitational collapse.
Stellar ages and especially those of cooling white dwarfs will allow future astronomers to calculate when something happened in the universe to make so many stars at once. But they won’t have a clue that our galaxy actually combined with another separate star city to trigger the explosion of star birth.

HVS diagram
Extragalactic Missile
In a recent paper, Harvard University theorist Avi Loeb says that so-called hypervelocity stars will give the 1 trillion year astronomers a grasp at rudimentary cosmology.
Roughly every 100,000 years, a binary-star system wanders too close to the black hole at our galaxy’s center and gets ripped apart. While one star falls into the black hole, the other star is flung out of the galaxy, in a classic demonstration of Newton’s law of action-reaction. In 2009, the Hubble Space Telescope pinpointed one such hypervelocity star leaving the Milky Way.
Even far into the future our galaxy will occasionally eject a star from the core, like a baseball player hitting a home run out of the stadium. That runaway missile could yield transformational clues as big as the Copernican revolution.
Diligent astronomers will pick up the runaway star and be curious as to how far it’s going into the inky black of the extragalactic abyss. They will be shocked to see the star speed up the farther it got from our galaxy. This would be due to the effect of dark energy, which continues stretching space apart.
To their amazement, they would even see it disappear over an “event horizon” where information traveling at the speed of light can no longer be received because of the rapid expansion of space. “These hypervelocity stars will allow residents to learn about the cosmic expansion and reconstruct the past,” writes Loeb.
The most eerie aspect of this prediction is that any civilization on a planet orbiting the runaway star will see our galaxy become smaller, redder and dimmer as it recedes from view and then vanish.
Just imagine the cosmic loneliness: a pitch-black sky with only the glow of the parent star and neighboring planets, but absolutely nothing else.
It makes me want to go out and buy a telescope to relish the richly exciting Stelliferous Era we live in today.
But do we live at a special time in the universe’s history? No, that would be anti-Copernican. The reality is that all times are special in the universe — even 1 trillion years from now.
Image (top): The M13 globular cluster. In 1 trillion years time, this galaxy will be a shadow of its former self (NASA/HST). Other image credits: NASA/ESA.

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>O2HUB VISIONS >>> Masks Of The Universe

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Last week one of our astute blog community members recommend the book Masks of the Universe by cosmologist Edward Harrison. I was delighted to see this work come up. This is one of my favorite discussions of Cosmos and Culture and so I wanted to pass along the recommendation with a little extra background.
Harrison’s book is an unusual addition to the popular science literature. It is not simply a recounting of Big Bang physics and its triumphs. Instead, Harrison begins with a fundamental, but slippery, question. What is interplay between the raw data the world gives us, and the image of the world we create in response. These responses are what Harrison calls “Universes” and his masks are meant to be the physical science version of Joseph Campbell’s Masks of God. As Harrison describes it:

Wherever we find a human society, however primitive, we find a universe and wherever we find a universe, of whatever kind, we find a society; both go together, and one does not exist without the other. Each universe coordinates and unifies a society, enabling its members to communicate their thoughts and share their experiences. Each universe determines what is perceived and what constitutes valid knowledge, and the members of each society believe what is perceived and perceived what is believed.

Harrison has chapters on prehistory, on the first urban societies, on the Greeks etc all the way up to the modern era. Each chapter unpacks the ideas expressed in the quote above – there is more to the story of cosmos and culture than simply being right or wrong about an objective reality. One can not doubt that there is a reality out there that pushed back on us but, in Harrison’s view, that reality is always viewed through the prism of culturally constructed paradigms.
In the end Harrison does not answer the most pressing question – to what extend has science finally “gotten it right”?
To what extent is the Universe revealed by science THE UNIVERSE and to what extent is it another mask?

But that is small criticism given this book’s big ambitions.
It is a thoughtful and unusual work and well worth more discussion on these pages.

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